Generally, thermal runaway of lithium batteries is caused by three types of abuse, namely mechanical abuse, electrical abuse, and thermal abuse.

Among them, mechanical abuse refers to the battery being subjected to external forces such as collision, extrusion, and puncture;

Electrical abuse refers to the battery being subjected to internal and external short circuits, overcharge, and discharge;

Thermal abuse refers to the battery being subjected to external heating.

In fact, these three types of abuse are not completely independent, but are chain-related. The relationship between the three types of abuse is shown in the figure.

As can be seen from the figure, mechanical abuse will first lead to electrical abuse, and then electrical abuse will lead to thermal abuse, and finally trigger thermal runaway.

The reason why mechanical abuse leads to electrical abuse is that external force causes the internal diaphragm of the lithium battery to rupture, causing the positive electrode to connect with the negative electrode, thereby causing an internal short circuit, which is a case of electrical abuse.

The reason why electrical abuse leads to thermal abuse is that once a short circuit occurs inside the lithium battery, a large amount of heat will be released, and chemical reactions under higher temperature conditions will be triggered, which will further release heat, which is equivalent to the external heat source constantly heating the battery, that is, thermal abuse.

Once the heat inside the battery accumulates to a certain extent, thermal runaway will break out.

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