{"id":3474,"date":"2026-09-14T14:50:04","date_gmt":"2026-09-14T06:50:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bosaenergy.cn\/?p=3474"},"modified":"2026-09-14T14:50:07","modified_gmt":"2026-09-14T06:50:07","slug":"the-characteristics-and-applications-of-standard-vda355-lithium-ion-battery-modules","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bosaenergy.cn\/nl\/the-characteristics-and-applications-of-standard-vda355-lithium-ion-battery-modules\/","title":{"rendered":"The Characteristics and Applications of Standard VDA355 Lithium-Ion Battery Modules"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What VDA355 Specifies<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">VDA stands for <em>Verband der Automobilindustrie<\/em>. The \u201c355\u201d is the nominal module length in millimetres. The association\u2019s electromobility and battery-safety work does not freeze a single cell chemistry; it freezes an envelope so that Volkswagen-era platforms and the many Chinese new-energy-vehicle packs that followed them could share tooling, crash structure and service parts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Typical external dimensions in current production:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Axis<\/th><th>Typical value<\/th><th>Common tolerance<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Length<\/td><td>355 mm<\/td><td>\u00b11 mm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Width<\/td><td>151\u2013152 mm<\/td><td>\u00b11 mm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Height<\/td><td>108\u2013109 mm<\/td><td>\u00b11 mm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Mass<\/td><td>11.0\u201312.2 kg<\/td><td>chemistry- and hardware-dependent<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The format originated around 2012. Early modules used twelve thin prismatic cells (about 148 \u00d7 90 \u00d7 26 mm). Later cells doubled and then tripled in thickness so that six-cell and four-cell stacks occupy the same box. That is why a 1P12S 50\u201358 Ah NCM module, a 2P6S 100\u2013122 Ah module and a 3P4S 150\u2013177 Ah module all share one mechanical drawing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Related VDA-family envelopes \u2014 VDA390 and the later MEB590 \/ VDA590 class \u2014 exist for larger energy blocks. They do not replace VDA355 in compact passenger platforms, light commercial vehicles, AGVs, forklift trays or modular stationary racks, where the 355 mm length still packs efficiently.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mechanical and Thermal Characteristics<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A production module is a small structure, not a loose stack of cells.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Aluminum alloy end plates and side plates carry compression and crash load.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Laser-welded or bolted busbars connect cell terminals.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Two or more temperature sensors sit on the busbar or between cells.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>An FPC or wire harness samples cell voltage; a fuse on the sense line is common.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Optional CAN, QR traceability and customized high-voltage leads are offered by most OEM\/ODM lines.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Natural cooling is the default. Liquid-cooling plates or gap-filler glue are added when the pack thermal model requires them.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Housing stiffness matters because prismatic cells swell with cycle life. The frame must keep compression inside the cell maker\u2019s window or impedance rises and capacity fade accelerates. Glue-fill and polyurethane foam between cells reduce vibration and improve heat spreading. Extruded-aluminum \u201cbarrel\u201d housings used by some 2026 suppliers cut weld count and leave a defined coolant channel on the base.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Operating bands reported across current datasheets:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Condition<\/th><th>Typical range<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Aanval<\/td><td>\u221220 to 55 \u00b0C (LFP often 0 to 55 \u00b0C without a heater)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Afvoer<\/td><td>\u221230 to 55 \u00b0C<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Storage<\/td><td>\u221230 to 55 \u00b0C (mid-SOC, not 100 %)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Module DCR<\/td><td>\u22643\u20134.5 m\u03a9 on many NCM 1P4S \/ 3P4S builds<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Coulombic efficiency<\/td><td>\u226595 %<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Self-discharge (module)<\/td><td>\u22643 % per month at 25 \u00b0C when the BMS is asleep<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These numbers are planning bands. Acceptance belongs on a rest-voltage and capacity protocol at a stated temperature, not on a brochure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Electrical Configurations and Energy Density<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The same box supports several series-parallel maps. Representative 2026 production figures:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Configuration<\/th><th>Scheikunde<\/th><th>Nominale spanning<\/th><th>Typical capacity<\/th><th>Nominale energie<\/th><th>Approx. mass<\/th><th>Module energy density<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>1P4S<\/td><td>LFP<\/td><td>12.8 V<\/td><td>135 Ah<\/td><td>~1.73 kWh<\/td><td>~11.6 kg<\/td><td>~149 Wh\/kg<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1P8S<\/td><td>LFP<\/td><td>25,6 V<\/td><td>~50 Ah<\/td><td>~1.28 kWh<\/td><td>~11 kg<\/td><td>~116 Wh\/kg<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1P4S<\/td><td>NCM<\/td><td>14.6\u201314.8 V<\/td><td>150\u2013177 Ah<\/td><td>~2.2\u20132.59 kWh<\/td><td>11.6\u201311.9 kg<\/td><td>~190\u2013220 Wh\/kg<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3P4S<\/td><td>NCM<\/td><td>14.7 V<\/td><td>153\u2013174 Ah<\/td><td>~2.3\u20132.55 kWh<\/td><td>12.0\u201312.2 kg<\/td><td>~190\u2013213 Wh\/kg<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1P6S \/ 2P6S<\/td><td>NCM<\/td><td>22.2 V<\/td><td>100\u2013122 Ah<\/td><td>~2.2\u20132.7 kWh<\/td><td>11\u201312 kg<\/td><td>~200\u2013225 Wh\/kg<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1P12S<\/td><td>NCM<\/td><td>44.4 V<\/td><td>50\u201358 Ah<\/td><td>~2.2\u20132.55 kWh<\/td><td>~11 kg<\/td><td>~200\u2013230 Wh\/kg<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4P3S<\/td><td>NCM<\/td><td>~11.1 V<\/td><td>200\u2013212 Ah<\/td><td>~2.2\u20132.35 kWh<\/td><td>~11 kg<\/td><td>~200 Wh\/kg<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2P8S<\/td><td>NCM<\/td><td>29.6 V<\/td><td>~113 Ah<\/td><td>~3.3 kWh<\/td><td>~12 kg<\/td><td>~275 Wh\/kg (thicker-cell builds)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Module energy density is not pack energy density. Busbars, BMS, cooling plates, enclosure and connectors cut the figure by 15\u201335 % once the modules sit in a tray. The International Energy Agency\u2019s <em>Global EV Outlook 2026<\/em> places latest-generation LFP cells near 205 Wh\/kg and NMC cells near 265 Wh\/kg; LFP packs were more than 40 % cheaper per kWh than NMC on average in 2025 and accounted for more than half of EV batteries deployed that year. Those cell and pack figures are the right context for a 150\u2013230 Wh\/kg VDA355 module.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Continuous and pulse ratings vary with cell and cooling:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>LFP 1P4S 135 Ah: continuous charge ~187 A, continuous discharge ~270 A, 10 s pulse discharge ~405 A at SOC \u226530 %.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>NCM 1P6S 102 Ah: continuous charge ~102\u2013120 A, continuous discharge ~102\u2013150 A, 10 s pulse discharge ~306 A.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>NCM 1P4S 177 Ah: continuous discharge up to ~348 A, 10 s pulse discharge ~465 A at SOC \u226530 %.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do not size a traction inverter from the pulse number. Size it from continuous current at the lowest planned coolant temperature, then confirm the 10 s pulse covers lift-off or hill-start.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">LFP Versus NCM Inside the Same Envelope<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The Characteristics and Applications of Standard VDA355 Lithium-Ion Battery Modules<\/strong> change with cathode chemistry even when the drawing stays the same.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Criterion<\/th><th>LFP VDA355<\/th><th>NCM VDA355<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Typical module energy<\/td><td>~1.3\u20131.8 kWh<\/td><td>~2.2\u20132.7 kWh<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cycle life at ~80 % DoD<\/td><td>\u22653,500\u20135,000 (industrial LFP)<\/td><td>Often 800\u20132,000 at 25 \u00b0C; shorter at 45 \u00b0C<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Thermal-runaway onset<\/td><td>Typically ~270 \u00b0C<\/td><td>Lower than LFP<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cold-charge window<\/td><td>Often needs a heater below 0 \u00b0C<\/td><td>Broader charge window on many cells<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cost per kWh (2025\u20132026 IEA)<\/td><td>&gt;40 % cheaper than NMC at pack level<\/td><td>Higher nickel and cobalt exposure<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Best fit<\/td><td>Forklifts, AGVs, sweepers, marine house banks, C&amp;I storage<\/td><td>Range-constrained passenger EVs and some light commercials<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">LFP is the industrial default because cycle life and thermal margin dominate warehouse, marina and BESS duty. NCM remains the passenger-car default when the pack must deliver more kilowatt-hours inside a floor pan that cannot grow. Mixing chemistries inside one series string is not a specification; it is a failure mode.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Daily use rules do not change with the envelope:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Keep in-service SOC above 20\u201330 %.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Use 15\u201340 % opportunity charges on breaks instead of deep daily discharges.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Store spare modules at mid-SOC in a cool room. Full-SOC storage in a hot warehouse is calendar fade, not \u201creadiness.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Safety, BMS<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A VDA355 module is only as safe as the pack BMS that owns it. Typical module-level hardware includes voltage sense, two temperature points and an optional sense-line fuse. Pack-level hardware must add:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cell balancing and isolation monitoring<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Charge and discharge current limits that track temperature<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Contactor and pre-charge control<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thermal-runaway detection and pack-level disconnect<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Telematics that report SOC, SOH and fault codes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Where the Format Is Used in 2026<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The Characteristics and Applications of Standard VDA355 Lithium-Ion Battery Modules<\/strong> now span five duty classes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Passenger EVs and PHEVs.<\/strong> Still the original market. Compact and mid-size platforms that standardized on the 355 mm length continue to use 1P12S, 2P6S and 3P4S NCM builds. Cell-to-pack architectures are taking share on new platforms, but the installed base and many cost-down refreshes remain module-based.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Light commercial vehicles and buses.<\/strong> The same envelope stacks into higher-voltage strings. Fast-charge windows of \u226445 minutes appear on several NCM datasheets; confirm coolant flow before treating that figure as a route plan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Industrial motive power.<\/strong> Forklifts, reach trucks, AGVs, ride-on sweepers and compact mining auxiliaries use LFP 1P4S \/ 1P8S modules in 24 V, 48 V and 80 V trays. Opportunity charging of 15\u201340 % during breaks and an SOC floor of 20\u201330 % turn one pack into a multi-shift asset. IEC 62619 and UL 2580 belong on the spec sheet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Marine and off-highway.<\/strong> Integrators drop VDA355 LFP modules into IP67 lockers for workboats, tourist vessels and auxiliary mining loads. Saltwater duty adds ISO 23625:2025 sealing and ABYC E-13 wiring rules. Energy density is secondary to corrosion control and a documented isolation plan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Stationary energy storage.<\/strong> Commercial and industrial racks use the format because palletized modules are easy to service and because LFP cycle life matches daily solar and peak-shave cycling. UL 1973 or IEC 62619, plus UN 38.3 for inbound freight, are the usual gate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Second-life and DIY builds exist on the secondary market. Treat them as uncertified cells in a familiar box until the BMS, weld quality and residual capacity are measured. A VDA footprint is not a safety certificate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How to Specify a Module Before You Buy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ask for four numbers on the same drawing:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>External dimensions and mass, including connectors.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Usable kWh at the planned DoD \u2014 not 100 % nameplate.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Continuous and 10 s pulse current at the lowest planned temperature.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cycle life to 80 % SOH at a stated C-rate, temperature and DoD.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Then lock:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Chemistry: LFP unless the host vehicle was designed around NCM.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cooling: natural, glue-fill or liquid \u2014 matched to the pack thermal model.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sense interface: pin-out, fuse, CAN or analog temperature.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Traceability: cell lot, module QR, formation date.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Storage SOC for shipment (commonly 30\u201370 % or 50 % \u00b15 %).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What VDA355 Specifies VDA stands for Verband der Automobilindustrie. The \u201c355\u201d is the nominal module length in millimetres. The association\u2019s electromobility and battery-safety work does not freeze a single cell chemistry; it freezes an envelope so that Volkswagen-era platforms and the many Chinese new-energy-vehicle packs that followed them could share tooling, crash structure and service [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3476,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3474","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The Characteristics and Applications of Standard VDA355 Lithium-Ion Battery Modules - BOSA lithium battery<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bosaenergy.cn\/nl\/the-characteristics-and-applications-of-standard-vda355-lithium-ion-battery-modules\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"nl_NL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Characteristics and Applications of Standard VDA355 Lithium-Ion Battery Modules - BOSA lithium battery\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"What VDA355 Specifies VDA stands for Verband der Automobilindustrie. 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