{"id":2846,"date":"2026-06-03T17:44:59","date_gmt":"2026-06-03T09:44:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bosaenergy.cn\/?p=2846"},"modified":"2026-06-03T17:45:02","modified_gmt":"2026-06-03T09:45:02","slug":"what-are-the-passive-and-active-balancing-circuits-mentioned-in-the-bms-of-an-energy-storage-system","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bosaenergy.cn\/ar\/what-are-the-passive-and-active-balancing-circuits-mentioned-in-the-bms-of-an-energy-storage-system\/","title":{"rendered":"What are the passive and active balancing circuits mentioned in the BMS of an energy storage system?"},"content":{"rendered":"

The balancing circuit is the actual execution part of the balancing strategy and directly affects the efficiency of the balancing system. The basic principle of the balancing circuit is energy transfer. Specifically, the control system sends signals to control the energy transfer or release between individual cells. Balancing circuits are categorized into passive and active balancing circuits based on whether the energy of an individual cell is released due to loss or transferred to other low-energy cells.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Passive balancing circuit<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Passive balancing is the most widely used balancing method in recent years. Its advantages include low cost and simple control, but its disadvantages include long balancing time and wasted energy. Passive balancing is achieved by connecting a resistor in parallel to each cell in the battery pack. When the charge of a single cell exceeds a threshold, the controller closes the corresponding resistor switch to discharge the battery. This method requires less initial investment, but the energy wasted results in relatively high ongoing operating costs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\u6587\u7ae0\u5185\u5bb9\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

2. Active balancing circuit<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Active balancing works by transferring energy from high-capacity cells to low-capacity cells using a series of energy transfer elements. These elements are generally categorized into three types: capacitors, inductors, and transformers. The first type, capacitive active balancing circuits, has the lowest energy transfer efficiency among the three, but also the lowest deployment cost, and is mostly used in small to medium-sized power battery packs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The second type, inductive balancing circuits, has slightly higher efficiency and cost compared to capacitive balancing circuits. Both inductive and capacitive balancing circuits use a controller to repeatedly switch a switch to transfer energy between adjacent cells.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The third type, transformer-based active balancing circuits, has significant advantages. A single transformer can quickly and efficiently balance multiple cells. However, its disadvantages are also obvious: transformers are much larger than capacitors and inductors, and their cost is several times higher. They are generally used in large-scale grid energy storage. After analyzing the three methods, considering that commercial energy storage lithium battery packs have a large number of cells, but still lag far behind large-scale grid energy storage, and taking into account cost and safety considerations, this paper chooses inductive balancing circuits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Currently, the most widely used inductive balancing circuit is the Buck-Boost balancing circuit, as shown in the figure below. The Buck-Boost balancing circuit enables bidirectional energy transfer between individual battery cells and has good scalability; adding or removing batteries does not change the circuit structure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Specific advantages are as follows: First, it has low energy loss. Compared to energy-consuming balancing circuits, the Buck-Boost balancing circuit uses inductors for energy transfer, avoiding the use of energy-consuming components such as resistors, reducing energy loss and improving the energy utilization rate of the battery pack. Second, the Buck-Boost balancing circuit has high balance efficiency, quickly transferring energy from high-voltage battery cells to low-voltage battery cells, shortening the balance time. Finally, the Buck-Boost balancing circuit offers flexible control, enabling balance from one end of the battery pack to the other, or from the middle of the battery pack to both sides. These two balance processes can also be performed in parallel, allowing for more flexible and efficient handling of energy distribution within the battery pack.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\u6587\u7ae0\u5185\u5bb9\"
Buck-Boost Active Balancing Circuit<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

When switches Q1-Q10 are MOSFETs controlled by the balancing strategy controller to conduct, they allow the battery and inductor to form a circuit for energy transfer. L1-L10 are power inductors that achieve energy transfer during the balance process through electromagnetic conversion. R1-R10 are resistors that demagnetize the inductor by allowing current to flow through it. This equalization architecture is unaffected by the charging and discharging of the lithium-ion battery pack and can perform balance simultaneously with charging and discharging, resulting in extremely high equalization efficiency. Specifically, one balance process between two batteries includes three steps: discharging the high-capacity battery cell, charging the low-capacity battery cell, and demagnetizing the inductor. The details are as follows.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1) High-capacity battery cell discharge: Diagram of battery 1 discharge process. When battery 1 is a high-capacity battery cell relative to battery 2, the balancing control system sends a control signal to Q1 to turn it on. At this time, battery 1 and inductor L1 form a circuit, and the battery charges the inductor, converting it into magnetic field energy. In this process, the balancing current is affected by the conduction time of Q1. The longer the conduction time, the larger the balancing current. The conduction time is controlled by the control signal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\u6587\u7ae0\u5185\u5bb9\"
High-capacity battery cell discharge<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

(2) Charging of low-capacity battery cells: Charging process of battery 2. When battery 2 is a low-capacity battery cell relative to battery 1, after the inductor is fully charged and Q1 is turned off, Q2 receives a control signal and turns on. At this time, battery 2 and inductor L1 form a circuit. The inductor charges the battery by converting magnetic field energy into electrical energy. When the voltage of power inductor L1 is equal to that of battery 2, the charging current drops to zero, Q2 turns off, and the charging of low-capacity battery cells ends.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\u6587\u7ae0\u5185\u5bb9\"
Low-capacity battery cell charging<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

(3) Inductor demagnetization<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After battery 2 is charged, inductor L2 still has energy and voltage. If this energy is not dissipated, the inductor will accumulate repeatedly and eventually reach magnetic saturation. Therefore, after Q2 is turned off, inductor L1 and resistor R1 form a circuit to demagnetize the inductor and release its energy.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The balancing circuit is the actual execution part of the balancing strategy and directly affects the efficiency of the balancing system. The basic principle of the balancing circuit is energy transfer. Specifically, the control system sends signals to control the energy transfer or release between individual cells. Balancing circuits are categorized into passive and active […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2847,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2846","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"yoast_head":"\nWhat are the passive and active balancing circuits mentioned in the BMS of an energy storage system? - BOSA lithium battery<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bosaenergy.cn\/ar\/what-are-the-passive-and-active-balancing-circuits-mentioned-in-the-bms-of-an-energy-storage-system\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ar_AR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"What are the passive and active balancing circuits mentioned in the BMS of an energy storage system? - BOSA lithium battery\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The balancing circuit is the actual execution part of the balancing strategy and directly affects the efficiency of the balancing system. 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